Electric incandescent lamp.



W0. 540,3M5. Patented Jan. 2. I900. F. M. F. CAZIN.

ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMP.

(Application filed Mar. 21. 1899.)

No Model.)

fifnedsasg jwemZbrr 'M/ Ix Y lllniiren atns FRANCIS M. F. CAZIN, OFIIOBOKEN, NE\V JERSEY.

ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMP.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 640,366, dated January2, 1900. Application filed March 21,1899. Serial No. 709,902. (No model)[0 aZZ who'nt it may concern.-

Be it known that I, FRANCIS M. F. CAZIN, a citizen of the United States,residing at 1108 Bloomfield street, city of Hoboken, in Iludson countyand State of New Jersey, have invented an Improvement in ElectricIncandescent Lamps, of which the following is a specification.

The purpose of this present application is of the same character and inthe same relation to my Patents No. (320,610, of March 7, and Nos.621,291 and (521,292, of March 14, 1899, as my application of February2, 1899, Serial No. l,fil8namely, to obtain patent on certainmodifications in the processes of manufacturing electric incandescentlamps invented by me and on the lamps that are the products of suchmanufacture, which processes and lamps were alluded to in these patents,buti erc not explicitly enough specified and not sufficiently disclosedfonformulating on the said specifications and disclosures the properclaims for their protection by patent, though the invention as such orin its essential characteristics has then and there been set forth.

I desire in special now to refer to two important features, sodisclosed-nan1ely, first, the stated existence of and the remedy appliedto the destructive or detrimentary influence exercised by the material,which performs the function of being heated to luminosity by the heatthat is produced by the current passing and resisting element, or viceversa, (compare lines 7 to 9 on page 2 of my Patent No. 620,610, and 101to 111 on page 1 of the same patent;) second, the stated existence ofand the remedy applied to the conductivity of oxids (lines 106 and 107on page a of same patent) when heated to a high temperature, (compareline 10 on page 2 of same patent,) which remedy was found in electricalinsulation, (compare line 103 on page a of same patent,) whichconductivity, at high temperature constituted the deficiency, which leftthe oxids only almost perfect. (Compare line 73 on page 2 of samepatent.) The remedyin both cases consisted in insulation from oneanother of two elements of essentially different function, theinsulation being chemical in character in the firstnnentioned instanceand electrical in the second-mentionedinstance. (Compareline103 on pagea of same patent.) Such imperfections and the remedies applied inobviating their effects were the results of a long course ofexperimenting, and such experimenting demonstrated the furtherphenomenon that whenever theaction in different parts of thelongitudinal extension of the core or filament was not a uniform one, orwheneveron part of the length the reaction resulted as specified inlines 99 to 112 on same page, and on another part of the length of thecontinuity of the core or filament, but not of the cover of oxids, wasbroken, the incandescence of the oxide was not only not eliminated, butwas, in fact, increased in brilliancy. Although I was then well awarethat by such break in the continuity of the core or filament the lampbecame virtually an arc-lamp, I did not then think that in so far as thelamp remained an incandescent lamp there be any necessity to protect itby specific claims adaptted to this action, and these conditions of mylamp, otherwise fully and correctly described, as in the course of itsoperation occurred, especially as they did no practical harm, but ratherappeared to be a beneficial feature thereof, apt to occur in almost allof its described modificationsnamely, that the core or filament but notthe oxid-cover around the same at the specified place would break andthe lamp nevertheless continue to be serviceable. I understood then,as amatter of course, that I had made an incandescent arc-lamp in the truesense of the word; but as I had done better than I knew in primarilymaking the lamp with a continuous core and as the one resulted from theother by its common use I believed that my invention be fully protectedand secured by claiming that which I had primarily manufactured. I havenow reason to believe that for the better protection of my invention Ishould further file this application, and thereby also specificallyclaim the lamp, such as it grow under my hands and out of its primaryshape by the use that I had intended it for.

I now have developed my invention to new and further perfection in thefollowing manner: IVhenever I desire to make use of a break or are in aconducting-core of carbon and to cause a tube of oxide to bridge overthe break and to preserve enough initial conductivity even after thebreak to raise the temperature of the oXid-tube to conductivity andincandescence, I cover the core with intermittent rings of achemically-insulating stratum, and thenI cover two successive rings withone tube of oXid, leaving at each end of each tube of oXids a part ofthe insulatingring uncovered by the oxid. In about the middle of thetube length the insulation is Wanting, and as a consequence a reactiontakes place, such as by me described in the ninety-ninth to one hundredand sixteenth lines of page 2 in Patent No. 620,640, but with themodification that a complete interception or break be brought about; buta very minute coat of reduced metal is left on the inner face of theoxid-tube, which is, though of much less conductivity than the originalcore, yet of sufficient conductivity and resistance to heat the oxids tothe point where they themselves become conductive and as a result ofsufficient resistance to cause their continuous incandescence. Theswitching off of the current leaves the lamp in good shape for renewalof operation when the current is turned on again.

As another instance of a modification where a carbon core is selected, Iprovide such a core with a copper plating the same as an arc-pencil,only of very minute section. Where this copper plating is omitted andbare carbon face in ring shape is exposed, a break will occur and an arcis formed of so minute dimension that it reappears when the current isturned on and produces the heat which makes the oxid-tube semiconductiveand luminous. It is evident that the conductivity of the'original corein all instances must be less than that of the mid tube or tubes whenheated to their maximum conductivity.

That I have thus specified the method of vmanufacture and the producedlamp when a carbon core is used is not intended by me to indicate that Iselect carbon as core material exclusively. As often by me stated in myprevious patents, not the material as such, but the possible adaptationin itself or by suitable means applied to the required functionsdetermines in each concrete case the selection of the material for thecore, and I may therefore make use of any other material for the core inthe now-disclosed lamp.

As an instance where a metal core is used,

I cite the use of an alloy of the metals of the platinum class-such asplatinum, paladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium such as itoccurs in nature orartificially produced with suitable proportions ofall, or of some, or of any of these metals alloyed with gold or silveror copper or with all or any two of these three; but I prefer an alloyof nearly equal weights of osmium and gold to begin with, because osmiumpure cannot be melted, While the stated compound can be melted byapplying the proper means, and the product can be hammered and rolledinto thin sheets,

and the sheets can be cut into strips of suitable width and length. Suchparts of such strip as in an unprotected state or without chemicalinsulation and when heated or under electric current are exposed tooxygen will have the osmium mainly consumed, only the gold remaining,which as such melts under adequate current and breaks, except that someof it will line the inner wall of an oxidtube, which bridges over thebreak, and an action takes place which is analogous to that which isdescribed hercinabove in regard to a carbon core. It is infactirrelevant Whether the break causes an are or whether a residue ofthe core provides for a reduced conductivity and a consequently-producedheating of the oxid-tube to conductivity and incandescence, the desiredeffect being the same in either case.

Although I prefer to employ a series of oxid-tubes on the same core,Imay occasionally use only one or only two tubes of comparatively largerdimensions, and I may make these tubes either of more or less solid orof porous rare-metal oxid, or I may prepare them with perforations, or Imay make them of pseudo fiber, pseudo strands, or pseudo fabrics wound,braided, or Woven as tubes or as beads with tubular central channel forthe core, and I may provide specific perforations for the accessor'escape of gases, or I may rely on the porosity of the tube or head aspenetrable to the gases, as by me specified in the seventy-seventh tothe eighty-fifth lines on page 3 of my Patent No. 620,640, and bysuitable provision in the oxid tube or head I may foster, limit, orregulate the escape or access of gases in regard to the core of theluminous body in my improved lamp, and in special in regard to that partof the core which is otherwise left unprotected against chemicalreaction for the purpose of bringing about a change or modification inits contributory function to the main purpose of producing incandescencealso or exclusively of the 0X- ids, and of thereby increasing the lightefficiency of my lamp. These provisions must adapt themselves to thedifferent conditions of material selected as that of the core.

The specific purpose of the present application consists in this, thatsuch features of the lamps may be further specified and be secured byspecific claims as are connected with the doubt arising in some phasesof its use as to its true and temporary nature or as to a continuouscore or an intercepted core being utilized.

The drawings that constitute a part of this specification are again inthis case, as in my preceding application, essentially the same asoriginally connected with older applications, but separated therefromfor the purpose of proper division of subj ect-matter, until finallyattached to my Patent No. 621,292, with this one difference, that theluminous body is in specific form adapted to that which is specified inclaim 5 of my Patent No. 621,291.

Figure 1 represents a vertical or longitudinal central section of themodification of my improved electric oxidlamp as forms thesubject-matter of this present application mainly. The generalarrangement of the main parts of the lamp, such as base and glass bulbs,is the same as shown in my Patent No. 621,292, with the sole differencethat the luminous body E being assumed rigid in this case the neck a ofthe inner glass bulb is made sufficiently wide for admitting theluininant E in rigid or unbent form. The luminant E is shown with onlyone main interception of or in the OXlCl-COVGI, while a plurality ofsuch interceptions is shown in Fig. l. The intermediate stratum e", ofchemical insulation, is shown as electrically connected and aselectrically continuous, while in Figs. 2, 3, and 5 it is shown asnon-continuous, and, in consequence, as electrically non-conduct ive asa whole, or, in fact, as non-connected. Fig. 2 represents the luminousbody of the same lamp enlarged, with the stratum of insulationintercepted inside of the oXid-cover. Fig. 3 represents the same as Fig.2, when by means of current or heat the original makeup has beenmodified in either the luminous body shown in Fig. 1 or in Fig. 2. Fig.i represents the luminant enlarged of precisely the same character asshown in Fig. 1, with the sole difference that the oxidcover isintercepted by more than one annular uncovered space on the core. Fig. 5is the same as Fig. 2,with the same difference as between Figs. l and 1.

A signifies the inner glass bulb; 13, the base part; 0, the outer glasshousing; D, the tubular part in the center of the base; E, the luminantpart of the lamp; c,the core part or parts of E; e the oxid cover orcovers; 6 cups or suitable equivalents upholding the luminant andproviding for connection with the inleading wires; e, the insulatingstratum, and f andf the inleading wires.

Notwithstanding the fact that the drawings all relate to such speci ticmodifications of form of luminous body, where the core part is en tirelysurrounded on parts of its longitudinal extension or on its full length,such complete surrounding is not at all an essential feature orcondition in the construction of my improved lamp.

Ilaving described my invention, 1 now claim 1. In an electricincandescent lamp a luminant, which consists of two main or functionalelements, each of which elements is longi tudinally divided into parts,the function of the one element, where it has a gap, being assumed bythe other element, which bridges over such gap, the one element being anelectrical conductor at normal temperature but resisting to the electriccurrent to the effect of producing heat and light or either withinitself-and the other element being an electrical conductor only, whenheated to a higher than normal temperature, and being so heated by theheat produced in and by the main conducting element, and without anyheat other than such being thereto applied, the main conducting elementbeing longitudinally intercepted into three or more longitudinal parts,as and for the purpose set forth.

2. In an incandescent electric lamp a luminous body which consists ofthree structural parts, namely an inner or core part, which withlongitudinal interception performs the function mainly of conducting andresisting to the applied electric current to the effect of producinglight and heat within the said luminous body and a second orintermediate part, which performs the function of insulating the corepart from the third or outer part, and a third or outer part whichperforms the function of being made incandescent by the effect of thecurrent, bridges over interception in the core part and mainly consistsof raremetal oxids, as and for the purpose set forth.

3. In an incandescent electric lamp a luminous body, which consists oftwo or more structural parts, namely, an inner core part which islongitudinally intercepted, but performs the function of conducting theapplied electric current and of resisting thereto to the effect ofproducing light and heat within the said luminous body, and an outerpart or parts, which bridge over interceptions in the core part, consistmainly of rare-metal oxids in the form of pseudo fiber, or fabric, andbecome incandescent under the influence ofthe electric current appliedas and for the purpose set forth.

4. In an electric incandescent vacuumlamp a linear currentconductingelement, consisting of two or more linear parts longitudinally, allparts having one end positively and the other negatively connected toand within the same current, in combination with a stratum of oxids,covering the said element partly or completely, as and for the purposeset forth.

5. In an electric lamp acurrent-conducting element, suitably covered onits entire or main length with matter, that does not conduct at normaltemperature,and which mainly currentconducting or inner element consistsof three or more longitudinal parts or pencils, all of which parts orpencils, except the two end or pole connecting pencils or parts areinserted between the two end pencils and within the longitudinalextension of the main current-conducting element and have each apositive and a negative end, when under electric current.

6. In an electric incandescent vacuumlalnp, the combination with apole-connecting base, and with an air-exhausted glass bulb, of aluminant, inclosed within the said glass bulb, which consists of twomain or functional elements, each of which elements is longitudinallydivided into parts, the function of the one element, where it has a gap,being assumed by the other element, which bridges over such gap, the oneclementbeing an electric conductor at normalv temperature but resistingto the electric current to the eifect of producing heat, and the otherelement being an electrical conductor only,when heated to a highertemperature, the latter element covering the mainly conducting element,as a core, in part only, itself consisting longitudinally of more thantwo parts and the core part or mainly conducting element consisting ofnot less than three longitudinal parts, as and for the purpose setforth.

7. In an electric incandescent lamp a luminous body or structure whichconsists of two main or functional parts, namely an innercurrent-passing and current-resistin g core or filament, which undercurrent produces light and heat or either and a non-continuous cover, ora series of two or more outer concentrical parts, which leave annularspaces uncovered on the surface of the ,core part, and which cover orseries of cover parts consist of raremetal oxid mainly, as and for thepurpose set forth.

8. In an electric incandescent lamp a luminous body or structure,whichconsists of three main or functional constituents, namely an innercurrent-passing and current-resisting core or filament, which undercurrent produces light and heat or either, a non-continuous cover or aseries of two or more outer concentrical parts, which leave annularspacesuncovered on the surface of the core part, and which outer partsconsist mainly of raremetal oxid, and a chemically insulating stratum orstrata between core and oxid, such stratum or strata of insulation beingelectrically non-connected or non-continuous, as and for the purpose setforth.

9. In an electric incandescent lamp a luminous body or structure, whichconsists of two functional main constituents, namely an inner core orfilament,chemically insulated from the other or outer part or parts,such insulation being itself of electrically-conductive material, butlongitudinally intercepted by annular non-insulated surface parts of thecore, and an outer partial coating of rare- Inetal oxid, adapted inshape and dimension to be similar to the intermediate rings of in-'sulating material, as and for the purpose set forth.

10. In an electric lamp a luminant, consisting of a conductor, dividedinto five or more parts, of which an odd number of parts, including theextreme end parts, are made of material of higher electric conductivitythan the two or more serial even parts, the two or more serial evenparts being heated by their resistance to the main current, which passesthrough them by means exclusively of the odd parts and which two or moreeven parts become luminous by means of such current.

11. In an electric incandescent lamp a lightproducing part which is acompound conductor, consisting of two or more different cohesiveconducting elements, namely a primary, in itself continuousconductingelement, which conducts at normal temperature, producing heat byresistance, which resistance is higher than that of the other orsecondary conducting element, which secondary element is not continuousbut longitudinally intercepted and conducts only, when heated to higherthan normal temperature by the heat produced, as aforesaid, in theprimary conducting element, and which secondary conducting element, whenso heated and conducting olfers less resistance to the applied currentthan the primary conducting element.

12. In an electric lamp a luminant, which consists of a main butintercepted conductor, which conducts at normal temperature, and of anaccessory conductor, which conducts only, when heated by heat, that isproduced in or by the main conductor, by means of adequate resistanceoffered to the applied current by the said main conductor, and whichaccessory conductor bridges over the interception in the main conductorand incandesces when under current, the contact between the twoconductors being protected against corrosion by an intermediate film ofchemically-insulating material.

FRANCIS M. F. GAZIN.

Witnesses:

O. S. BURR, MINNA E. OAZIN.

